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Journal Paper

On the GNSS Synchronization Performance Degradation under Interference Scenarios: Bias and Misspecified CRB

Authors: Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Lubeigt Corentin, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

Navigation-Journal of Navigation, doi: 10.33012/navi.606, December 2023.

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Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are a key player in a plethora of applications, ranging from navigation and timing, to Earth observation or space weather characterization. For navigation purposes, interference scenarios are among the most challenging operation conditions, which clearly impact the maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of the signal synchronization parameters. While several interference mitigation techniques exist, a theoretical analysis on the GNSS MLE performance degradation under interference, being fundamental for system/receiver design, is a missing tool. The main goal of this contribution is to provide such analysis, by deriving closed-form expressions of the misspecified Cramér-Rao (MCRB) bound and estimation bias, for a generic GNSS signal corrupted by an interference. The proposed bias and MCRB expressions are validated for a linear frequency modulation chirp signal interference.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation and Space communication systems

Approximate Maximum Likelihood Time-Delay Estimation for Two Closely Spaced Sources

Authors: Lubeigt Corentin, Vincent François, Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

Signal processing, vol. 210, 109056, September, 2023.

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The study of ground reflections of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, as in GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R) can lead to the receiver height estimation. The latter is estimated by comparing the time of arrival difference between the direct and reflected signals, also called path separation. In ground-based scenarios, this path separation can be very small, inducing important interference between paths, which makes it difficult to correctly obtain altimetry products. The path separation estimation can be obtained by a brute force dual source maximum likelihood estimator (2S-MLE), but this solution has a large computational cost. On the other hand, the path separation is so small that a number of approximations can be done. In this study, a third order Taylor approximation of the dual source likelihood criterion is proposed to reduce its complexity. The proposed algorithm performance is compared to the non approximated 2S-MLE for the estimation of the path separation, and to a standard single source processing for the estimation of the direct signal time-delay. These results, along with the corresponding lower bounds, prove that the proposed approach may be of interest for two applications: ground-based GNSS-R altimetry (or radar with low elevation targets) and GNSS multipath mitigation.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation and Space communication systems

GNSS Channel Coding Structures for Fast Acquisition Signals in Harsh Environment Conditions.

Authors: Ortega Espluga Lorenzo and Poulliat Charly

Navigation-Journal of Navigation, doi: 10.33012/navi.585, September, 2023.

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In this article, we investigate on a new method to jointly design the navigation message with an error correcting scheme. This joint design exploits the "carousel" nature of the broadcasted navigation message and allows both: i) to reduce the Time To First Fix (TTFF) and ii) to enhance the error correcting performances under favorable and challenging channel conditions. We show that the joint design requires error correcting schemes characterized by Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) and the full diversity properties. Those error correcting codes are referred to as Root LowDensity Parity Check (Root-LDPC) codes and they can efficiently operate on block varying channels, enabling the efficient and rapid recovery of information over possibly non ergodic channels. Finally, in order to ensure the data demodulation performance over harsh condition, we propose Root-LDPC codes endowed with the nested property, which allows to inherently adapt the channel coding rate depending on the number of received blocks. The proposed error correcting joint design is then simulated and compared with the well-known GPS L1C subframe 2 structure under several transmission scenarios. Simulations showthatwe can have some enhancement of the error correction performance and a reduction of the TTFF for some scenarios.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation and Space communication systems

On the accuracy limits of misspecified delay-Doppler estimation

Authors: Mc Phee Hamish Scott, Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

Signal Processing, article 108872, vol. 205, April, 2023.

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This work derives compact closed-form expressions of the misspecified Cramér–Rao bound and pseudo-true parameters of time-delay and Doppler for a high dynamics signal model. Those expressions are validated by analyzing the mean square error (MSE) of the misspecified maximum likelihood estimator. A noteworthy outcome of these MSE results is that, for some magnitudes of acceleration and signal-to-noise ratios, neglecting the acceleration is beneficial in the MSE sense. The variance performance improvement is obtained at the cost of a systematic error in the true parameter estimation. This can be seen as a specific case of the trade-off between bias and variance. Neglecting the acceleration can improve the Doppler estimation when the error induced on the misspecified model is less than the variance increase due to including an extra parameter to estimate. Then, for some non-zero acceleration magnitudes and short integration times, the Doppler estimation using a misspecified model outperforms a correctly specified model in the MSE sense.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation and Space communication systems

Untangling first and second order statistics contributions in multipath scenarios

Authors: Lubeigt Corentin, Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

Signal Processing, vol. 205, Art. no 108868, April, 2023.

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In ranging-based applications, ignoring the presence of multipath often leads to a bias upon the estimated range, which actually originates from misspecified estimation problem because the assumed data signal model, here without multipath, is not equal to the true one. Such misspecification also results in an error covariance matrix around the biased estimates, so-called pseudotrue parameters, that differs from the Cramér–Rao bound applied to the true model. This error covariance matrix can be lower bounded by a misspecified Cramér–Rao bound (MCRB). In this work, a closed-form expression of the MCRB under multipath conditions is proposed, which only depends on the baseband signal samples and both delay, Doppler and complex amplitude pseudotrue parameters. These MCRB expressions are fundamental (i) to understand and characterize the impact of multipath conditions when not taken into account, (ii) for system/signal design, and (iii) to derive new robust estimators. The proposed MCRBs are validated for a representative navigation signal, comparing the resulting bounds with the mean square error obtained by the misspecified maximum likelihood estimator with respect to the pseudotrue parameters.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation

Band-limited impulse response estimation performance

Authors: Lubeigt Corentin, Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

Signal Processing, vol. 208, Art. no 108998, July, 2023.

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When a signal is strongly distorted by a reflecting surface, the surface can be seen as a filter whose impulse response is convoluted with the incident signal. Depending on the application, it can be useful to estimate this impulse response in order to either compensate or interpret it. When it comes to estimation, a performance lower bound should be computed in order to better understand the performance limits of the observation model at hand. Hence, a first contribution of this work is to provide an easy-to-use closed-form Cramér–Rao bound for the proposed signal model. The validation process of this lower bound raises the problem of the size, generally unknown, of the impulse response to be estimated. A second contribution of this study is then to provide adapted theoretical and practical tools to determine the size of a given impulse response along with its estimation.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation

Accounting for Acceleration – Signal Parameters Estimation Performance Limits in High Dynamics Applications

Authors: Mc Phee Hamish Scott, Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol 59, Issue 1, pp 610-622, February 2023.

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The derivation of estimation lower bounds is paramount to designing and assessing the performance of new estimators. A lot of effort has been devoted to the range-velocity estimation problem, a fundamental stage on several applications, but very few works deal with acceleration, being a key aspect in high dynamics applications. Considering a generic band-limited signal formulation, we derive a new general compact form Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) expression for joint time-delay, Doppler stretch, and acceleration estimation. This generalizes and expands upon known delay/Doppler estimation CRB results for both wideband and narrowband signals. This new formulation, especially easy to use, is created based on baseband signal samples, making it valid for a variety of remote sensors. The new CRB expressions are illustrated and validated with representative GPS L1 C/A and Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) chirp band-limited signals. The mean square error (MSE) of a misspecified estimator (conventional delay/Doppler) is compared with the derived bound. The comparison indicates that for some acceleration ranges the misspecified estimator outperforms a well specified estimator that accounts for acceleration.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation and Space communication systems

Clean-to-Composite Bound Ratio: A Multipath Criterion for GNSS Signal Design and Analysis

Authors: Lubeigt Corentin, Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi, Lestarquit Laurent and Chaumette Eric

IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 58, issue 6, pp. 5412-5424, December, 2022.

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Multipath is one of the most challenging propagation conditions affecting Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), which must be mitigated in order to obtain reliable navigation information. In any case, the random multipath nature makes it difficult to anticipate and overcome. Therefore, for legacy GNSS signal performance assessment, modern GNSS signal design and future GNSS-based applications, robustness to multipath is a fundamental criterion. Different multipath metrics exist in the literature, such as the multipath error envelope, usually leading to analyses only valid for a dedicated receiver/signal combination and only providing information on the bias. This paper presents a general criterion to characterize the multipath robustness of a generic band-limited signal (e.g., GNSS or radar), considering the joint delay-Doppler and phase estimation. This criterion is based on the Cramr-Rao bound, which makes it universal, regardless the receiver architecture and the signal under analysis, and provides information on the actual achievable performance in terms of estimated time-delay (i.e., pseudo-range) and Doppler frequency variances.

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Signal and image processing and Networking / Localization and navigation

Non-Binary PRN-Chirp Modulation: A GNSS Fast Acquisition Signal Waveform

Authors: Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 26, Issue 9, pp. 2151-2155, September, 2022.

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In this article, we propose a new non-binary modulation which allows both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) synchronization and the demodulation of non-binary symbols, without the need of a pilot signal, with the aim to provide a fast first position, velocity and time fix. The waveform is constructed as the product of i) a pseudo-random noise sequence with good auto-correlation and cross-correlation properties, and ii) a chirp spread spectrum family, which allows to demodulate non-binary symbols even if the signal phase is unknown. In order to demodulate the data, a bank of non-coherent matched filters is proposed. Because of the particular modulation structure, the receiver is capable to demodulate the navigation message faster while allowing the basic GNSS signal processing functionalities. Illustrative results are provided to support the discussion.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation and Space communication systems

Insights on the Estimation Performance of GNSS-R Coherent and Noncoherent Processing Schemes

Authors: Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 19, Art no. 8012205, pp. 1-5, 2022.

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Parameter estimation is a problem of interest when designing new remote sensing instruments, and the corresponding lower performance bounds are a key tool to assess the performance of new estimators. In global navigation satellite systems reflectometry (GNSS-R), a noncoherent averaging is applied to reduce speckle and thermal noise, and subsequently the parameters of interest are estimated from the resulting waveform. This approach has been long regarded as suboptimal with respect to the optimal coherent one, which is true in terms of detection capabilities, but no analysis exists on the corresponding parameter estimation performance exploiting GNSS signals. First, we show that for certain signal models, both coherent and noncoherent Cramér-Rao bounds are equivalent, and therefore, any maximum likelihood estimation coherent/noncoherent combination scheme is efficient (optimal) at high signal-to-noise ratios. This is validated for an illustrative GNSS-R estimation problem. In addition, it is shown that considering the joint delay/Doppler/phase estimation problem, the noncoherent performance for the delay is still optimal, which is of practical importance for instance in altimetry applications.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation and Space communication systems

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