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PhD Defense Slides

Apprentissage profond pour la compression embarquée d'images d'observation de la Terre.

Author: Alves de Oliveira Vinicius

Defended on October 21, 2022.

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The new generation of satellite instruments enables the acquisition of images with evergrowing spectral and spatial resolutions. The counterpart is that an increasing amount of data must be processed and transmitted to the ground. Onboard image compression becomes thus crucial to preserve transmission channel bandwidth and reduce data transmission time. Recently, convolutional neural networks have shown outstanding results for lossy image compression compared to traditional compression schemes, however, at the cost of a high computational complexity. Autoencoder architectures are trained end-to-end, taking beneĄt from extensive datasets and computing power available on mighty clusters. Consequently, the potential contributions and feasibility of deep learning techniques for onboard compression are arousing great interest. In this context, nevertheless, computational resources are subject to severe limitations: a trade-off between compression performance and complexity must be established. In this thesis, the main objective is to adapt learned compression frameworks to onboard compression, simplifying them and training them with speciĄc images. In a Ąrst step, we propose simplifying these architectures as much as possible while preserving high performance, particularly maintaining the adaptability to handle diverse input images. In a second step, we investigate how such architectures can further be improved by aggregating other functionalities such as denoising. Thus, we intend to incorporate denoising, either considering the above mentioned compression architectures for joint compression and denoising concurrently or as a sequential approach. The sequential approach consists in using, on the ground, a different architecture to denoise the images issued from the preceding learned compression framework. By running experiments on simulated but realistic satellite images, we show that the proposed simpliĄcations to the learned compression framework result in considerably lower complexity while maintaining high performance. Concerning learned compression and denoising, the joint and sequential approaches are beneĄcial and complementary, allowing to surpass the CNES imaging system performance, and thus opening the path towards operational compression and denoising pipelines for satellite images.

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Signal and image processing / Earth observation

Conference Paper

Multifractal Anomaly Detection in Images via Space-Scale Surrogates

Authors: Wendt Herwig, Leon Arencibia Lorena, Tourneret Jean-Yves and Abry Patrice

In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Bordeaux, France, October 16-19, 2022.

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Multifractal analysis provides a global description for the spatial fluctuations of the strengths of the pointwise regularity of image amplitudes. A global image characterization leads to robust estimation, but is blind to and corrupted by small regions in the image whose multifractality differs from that of the rest of the image. Prior detection of such zones with anomalous multifractality is thus crucial for relevant analysis, and their delineation of central interest in applications, yet has never been achieved so far. The goal of this work is to devise and study such a multifractal anomaly detection scheme. Our approach combines three original key ingredients: i) a recently proposed generic model for the statistics of the multiresolution coefficients used in multifractal estimation (wavelet leaders), ii) an original surrogate data generation procedure for simulating a hypothesized global multifractality and iii) a combination of multiple hypothesis tests to achieve pixel-wise detection. Numerical simulations using synthetic multifractal images show that our procedure is operational and leads to good multifractal anomaly detection results for a range of target sizes and parameter values of practical relevance.

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Signal and image processing / Other

A Complete SSA Scheme for a Sustainable Low Earth Orbit: Space DATA Aggregation and AI Combined with In Orbit Inspection

Authors: Zamoum Selma, Huuson Thomas, Kebe Fatoumata, Barthélémy Mathieu, Gigleux Benjamin, Sombrin Jacques B. and Durand-Carrier Franck

In Proc. Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS), Maui, Hawaï-USA, September 27-30, 2022.

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The exponential increase in the number of satellites along with the hazards of the space environment they encounter endangers the sustainability of low earth orbit (LEO). The consequences of events such as collisions, fragmentations and fatal failures are then becoming more than ever a threat to any kind of space activity. Therefore, the space situational awareness is of utter importance in all its aspects, i.e., assessing and predicting the risks from space weather and SST (Space Surveillance and Tracking), in addition to implementing mitigation measures. In this context, this paper covers the benefits of in-orbit inspection combined with the aggregation and processing of existing space data, proposed by the French company SpaceAble for low earth orbit sustainability. Collision risk awareness for a LEO constellation is raised in this paper through the analysis of the conjunction risks of the Starlink constellation. An inspection plan is also derived in terms of the number of inspections for different scenarios, and with respect to different LEO altitudes.

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Signal and image processing / Space communication systems

Talk

RF-Optics Hybrid GaN-FDSOI Technology Solutions for 5G & 6 G

Authors: Wane Sidina, Sombrin Jacques B. and Huard Vincent

In Proc. Workshop Réseaux Non Terrestres (5G & 6G), Toulouse, France, September 29, 2022.

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Digital communications / Space communication systems

Conference Paper

Theoretical Evaluation of the GNSS Synchronization Performance Degradation under Interferences

Authors: Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

In Proc. 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver, Colorado, USA, September 19-23, 2022.

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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are a key player in a plethora of applications, ranging from navigation and timing, to Earth observation or space weather characterization. For navigation purposes, interference scenarios are among the most challenging operation conditions, which clearly impact the maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of the signal synchronization parameters. While several interference mitigation techniques exist, a theoretical analysis on the GNSS MLE performance degradation under interference, being fundamental for system/receiver design, is a missing tool. The main goal of this contribution is to provide such analysis, by deriving closed-form expressions of the estimation bias, for a generic GNSS signal corrupted by an interference. The proposed bias are validated for a tone interference and a linear frequency modulation chirp interference.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation and Space communication systems

Non-coherent CPM Detection under Gaussian Channel affected with Doppler Shift

Authors: Jerbi Anouar, Guilloud Frédéric, Amis Karine and Benaddi Tarik

In Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Virtual, September 12-15, 2022.

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We consider the transmission of a continuous phase modulated (CPM) signal through a Gaussian channel affected by Doppler shifts. We propose a receiver robust to the Doppler shifts derived from a non-coherent detection criterion. We compare its performance to another non-coherent receiver based on a linear approximation of the CPM signal (Laurent decomposition) to which we add a Doppler compensation. Simulation results show that the first algorithm is robust to low-moderate Doppler shifts, while the second is robust to any one. We finally compare these two algorithms to delay-optimized differential detectors which do not require any Doppler shift estimation. We also provide complexity estimations to guide the possible complexity-performance trade-offs.

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Digital communications / Space communication systems

Technical Note

Technical Note - Developments for MCRB Computation in Multipath Scenarios

Authors: Lubeigt Corentin, Ortega Espluga Lorenzo, Vilà-Valls Jordi and Chaumette Eric

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This is a supplementary material associated with the article "Untangling first and second order statistics contributions in multipath scenarios" that can be found, in the online version, at doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2022.108868.

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Signal and image processing / Localization and navigation

Conference Paper

Détection Non-cohérente des Modulations CPM en Présence d’un Décalage Doppler.

Authors: Jerbi Anouar, Amis Karine, Guilloud Frédéric and Benaddi Tarik

In Proc. Groupement de Recherche en Traitement du Signal et des Images (GRETSI), Nancy, France, September 6-9, 2022.

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We consider the transmission of a continuous phase modulated (CPM) signal through a Gaussian channel affected by Doppler shifts. We focus on a receiver robust to the Doppler shift by proposing two different types of receiver derived from a non-coherent detection criterion : one based on a linear approximation of the CPM signal (Laurent decomposition) and the other based on its exact expression. Simulation results show that the first algorithm is robust to low-moderate Doppler shifts, while the second is robust to any one.

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Digital communications / Space communication systems

Les Signaux à Bande Large au Service de la Réflectométrie par GNSS à Site Bas

Authors: Lubeigt Corentin, Vilà-Valls Jordi, Lestarquit Laurent and Chaumette Eric

In Proc. Groupe de Recherche et d'Etudes de Traitement du Signal et des Images (GRETSI), Nancy, France, September 5-9, 2022.

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Pendant plus de trente ans, les signaux Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ont été utilisés comme signaux d’opportunité comme en GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R). L’étude de la réflexion de ces signaux sur le sol peut en effet conduire à l’estimation de paramètres sur la surface de réflexion ou sur la hauteur du récepteur. Lorsque cette hauteur est faible, le récepteur est à site bas et la proximité du sol entraîne de fortes interférences entre les signaux direct et réfléchi ce qui rend difficile une estimation non biaisée des différentes observables. Cette difficulté peut néanmoins être levée grâce à des signaux GNSS occupant des bandes de plus en plus larges. For more than three decades, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals have been seen as signals of opportunity as in GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R). The study of the reflections from the ground of such signals can indeed lead to many features regarding the reflecting surface and the receiver’s height. When this height is small, the receiver is said ground-based and the vicinity to the ground induces important interferences between the direct and the reflected path which make it difficult to process to obtain an unbiased altimetry product. However, this difficulty can be leveraged thanks to recent wideband GNSS signals.

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Signal and image processing and Networking / Localization and navigation

Réseaux récurrents d’attention pour la régression de séries temporelles

Authors: Perrier Victor, Lochin Emmanuel, Tourneret Jean-Yves and Gélard Patrick

In Proc. Groupe de Recherche et d'Etudes de Traitement du Signal et des Images (GRETSI), Nancy, France, September 5-9, 2022.

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Cet article étudie une nouvelle architecture récurrente basée sur l’attention, plus légère et moins coûteuse en temps de calcul qu’un réseau d’attention global. Nous détaillons en quoi ce type d’architecture permet d’atteindre de meilleures performances que des réseaux récurrents plus classiques, dans le cas de la régression de séries temporelles. Nous montrons son intérêt pour la prédiction de l’état d’un réseau de communication, et plus particulièrement pour la détection de la congestion.

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Networking / Space communication systems

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