Le NPR (noise power ratio) et l’EVM (error vector magnitude) sont deux méthodes de mesure des distorsions ou des dégradations, linéaires ou non, des modulateurs numériques et des chaînes de transmission de signaux modulés. Chaque méthode mesure un bruit qui peut être ajouté au bruit thermique du système dans le bilan de liaison. On montre dans quelles conditions ces deux mesures donnent la même valeur et comment on peut remplacer l’une par l’autre afin de simplifier les simulations ainsi que les bancs de mesure, en particulier pour des mesures en large bande.

Since no similar studies has been proposed, this work intends to present the first conclusions about the possibilities of satellite communications in the distribution of MANET routing signaling. The improvements on MANET routing protocols will be evaluated to figure out if it is interesting or not to introduce this new role for satellites. For that purpose we shall delimit the applicative context. Mobile ad hoc networks are suitable for a wide range of applications. However, the presence of satellite terminals are not always guaranteed. One of the objectives of this work is to identify the applicative contexts where the hybrid terrestrial-satellite signaling distribution is suitable. Another point is the routing protocol itself. A lot of MANET routing protocols are available from the literature. Therefore we need to analyze the different routing solutions so to identify the most adaptable to a hybrid terrestrialsatellite signaling distribution. Finally, we intend to describe the steps and the crucial points of MANET routing protocol evaluation. Several tasks are involved: network modeling, scenario and performance metrics, output analysis techniques, etc. Therefore we highlight the complexity of MANET routing evaluation and present guidelines to achieve valid and representative results

Broadcasting systems have to deal with channel variability in order to offer the best rate to the users. Hierarchical modulation is a practical solution to provide different rates to the receivers in function of the channel quality. Unfortunately, the performance evaluation of such modulations requires time consuming simulations. We propose in this paper a novel approach based on the channel capacity to avoid these simulations. The method allows to study the performance of hierarchical and also classical modulations combined with error correcting codes. We will also compare hierarchical modulation with time sharing strategy in terms of achievable rates and indisponibility. Our work will be applied to the DVB-SH and DVB-S2 standards, which both consider hierarchical modulation as an optional feature.

In our thesis, we investigate the application of multi user detection techniques to a Low Polar Orbit (LPO) satellite used in the Argos system. Argos is a global satellite-based location and data collection system dedicated for studying and protecting the environment. User platforms, each equipped with a Platform Transmitter Terminal (PTT), transmit data messages to a 850 km LPO satellite. An ARGOS satellite receives, decodes, and forwards the signals to ground stations. All PTTs transmit at random times in a 100 kHz bandwidth using different carrier frequencies. The central carrier frequency f0 is 401.65 MHz. Due to the relative motion between the satellite and the platforms, signals transmitted by PTTs are affected by both a different Doppler shift and a different propagation delay. Thus, the Argos satellite receives overlapping signals in both frequency and time domains inducing Multiple Access Interference (MAI). One common approach to mitigate the MAI problem is to implement Multi User Detection (MUD) techniques at the receiver. To tackle this problem, several MUD techniques have been proposed for the reception of synchronous and asynchronous users. In particular, the Successive Interference Cancelation (SIC) detector has been shown to offer a good optimality-complexity trade-off compared to other common approaches such as the Maximum Likelihood (ML) receiver. In an Argos SIC receiver, users are decoded in a successive manner, and the signals of successfully decoded users are subtracted from the waveform before decoding the next user. This procedure involves a parameter estimation step and the impact of erroneous parameter estimates on the performance of Argos SIC receiver has been studied. Argos SIC receiver has been shown to be both robust to imperfect amplitude and phase estimation and sensitive to imperfect time delay estimation. The last part of our work focuses on the implementation of digital estimators for the Argos system. In particular, we propose a time delay estimator, a frequency estimator, a phase estimator and an amplitude estimator. These estimators are derived from the ML principle and they have been already derived for the single user transmission. In our work, we adapt successfully these estimators for the multi user detector case. These estimators use the Non Data Aided (NDA) cases in which no a priori information for the transmitted bits is required. The performance of these different estimators are compared to the Cramer Rao Bound (CRB) values. Finally, we conclude in our work by showing the different results obtained during this dissertation. Also, we give some perspectives for future work on Argos system.

This paper describes existing and new criteria for comparison and optimization of non-linear power amplifiers such as RF or microwave transmitters. In addition to intermodulation, receiver noise, and losses in the transmission system, the proposed new criteria take into account efficiency or consumed power. This results in the global optimization of a combined signal-to-noise-plus-intermodulation ratio as a function of saturated or nominal power but also consumed or dissipated power. Saturated power is limited by available technology. Consumed power and dissipated power are some of the main constraints in telecommunication satellite payloads, mobile phone handsets, and RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification). Another constraint comes from the limited size of antennas, which limits the system equivalent isotropic radiated power and gain-to-temperature ratio. With the proposed criteria the designer will be able to compare different amplifier technologies and to optimize the design and operating point of each stage of a multistage amplifier or a linearizer for a given amplifier. Interference from same or other systems is also introduced in the optimization through the use of signal-to-noise-plus-IM-plus-interference ratio criteria.

The SARGOS project aims to satisfy the strong emerging need to improve safety for the civilian offshore infrastructures, sensitive to the actions conducted by spite, piracy or terrorism on sea. SARGOS brings a new and innovative answer in this field of maritime security. A special care is taken to comply with the infrastructures operational constraints and the contractual and legislative rules. The innovative part of the project is mainly the global approach used, based on three levels: a) The level of a safe detection of a small size marine object, in a small range protection area, with rough sea, using innovative CW radar waveforms improved by new efficient signal processing algorithms b) The level of construction of a response plan facing a detected intrusion, taking into account the progressive improvement of the knowledge and the kind of detected object defined by its characterisation attributes. The acquisition process allows appropriate responses taking into account the crisis situation. (Platform safety rules, geopolitical environment and legal aspects). c) The managing level of the variety of non-lethal response means, either internal to the offshore platform (predefined security procedures, safety mode), or external to reply to the menace (injunction, intimidation or, as a last resort, activation of authorised means) and broadcast the alert to the local authorities. This article presents more specifically the main functionalities and the design of SARGOS system.

Video applications are growing more and more successful in the new communication networks. Their utilization in growing harder context as lossy packet network (Interne), satellitemobile broadcasting wireless channel, call for the developments of more ecient and well adapted solutions. The work done in this thesis is an attempt to answer those new needs. The proposed solutions can be grouped into two sets : solutions based on new works developed for medium context and solutions based on the improvement and optimization of existing works developed for extremes contexts. The Bernoulli channel represented the working environment to develop new solutions. So for video streaming application, we targeted unequal protection mechanisms and developed dependency-aware unequal protection codes (DA-UEP). This mechanism is located near the source application and adapt the protection level to the importance of the data. Its originality comes from its ability to integrate video data dependencies into the protection generator. In a forward work of improvement and exploration, we combined DA-UEP unequal protection from high layers with hierarchical-modulation unequal protection from lower layer. The system optimization achieves substantial gains and validate the righteous of this research area. For conversational video applications, we evaluated the performances of Tetrys in the video communication context. This On-the-y coding mechanism with acknowledgment integration achieves performances as high as those obtained by unequal protection in streaming context. Those performances also advances the high potential of this mechanism. The land mobile satellite channels represented the working environment to improve and optimize existing solutions. We particulary focus on satellite to mobile video broadcasting applications. In this context, we evaluated mechanisms such as forward errors correcting codes (FEC), data interleaving at physical or link layers and forward erasures correcting codes at intermediates layers. The evaluation is made on a realistic satellite channel and takes into account practical constraints such as the maximum zapping time and the user mobility at several speeds. We reveal the existing relations between user velocity, data spreading and reception quality. Consequently, We identied the combinations of mechanisms that give the best performance in terms of reliability and zapping time in this particular framework.

Detection and delineation of P- and T-waves are important issues in the analysis and interpretation of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. This paper addresses this problem by using Bayesian inference to represent a priori relationships among ECG wave components. Based on the recently introduced partially collapsed Gibbs sampler principle, the wave delineation and estimation are conducted simultaneously by using a Bayesian algorithm combined with a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. This method exploits the strong local dependency of ECG signals. The proposed strategy is evaluated on the annotated QT database and compared to other classical algorithms. An important feature of this paper is that it allows not only for the detection of P- and T-wave peaks and boundaries, but also for the accurate estimation of waveforms for each analysis window. This can be useful for some ECG analysis that require wave morphology information.

We propose an architecture based on a hybrid E2E-ERN approach to allow incremental deployment of ERN (Explicit Rate Notification) protocols in heterogeneous networks. The proposed IP-ERN architecture combines E2E (End-to-End) and ERN protocols and uses the minimum between both congestion windows to perform. Without introducing com- plex operation, the resulting E2E-ERN protocol provides inter and intra protocol fairness and benefits from all ERN protocol advantages when possible. We detail the principle of this novel IP-ERN architecture and show that this ar- chitecture is highly adaptive to the network dynamic and is compliant with IPv4, IPv6 as well as IP-in-IP tunneling solutions.

Positioning in urban or indoor environment is a hot topic, either due to regulations such as the E911 requiring US mobile telecommunication operators to be able to locate their subscribers in case of emergency, or due to the market development, with the extension of location-based services targeting the mass market concentrated in metropolitan areas. In urban or indoor areas, it is generally recognized that satellite-based positioning systems are not suitable (alone) to provide a continuous, reliable and accurate position to the user. Therefore, alternative positioning techniques may be useful to complement or replace satellite positioning in these environments. This PhD study has studied the possibility of using a mobile TV system based on the DVB-SH standard as system of opportunity for positioning. The advantages of using a DVB-SH system for positioning are multiple. First, such system has a good availability in metropolitan areas, including indoor. Secondly, the emitters are synchronized and their density should be sufficient to track signals from several emitters simultaneously. This opens the possibility of using timing measurements from several emitters to find a position by tri-lateration. Also, the large bandwidth of the TV signal, required for the transmission of video content, should be beneficial for the accuracy of the timing measurements and for the robustness against multipaths. Therefore, DVB-SH system seems to be an interesting candidate as system of opportunity for positioning. However, several challenges are to be solved for such a solution to be relevant. First, the signals propagate in the urban environment, which creates challenging conditions for positioning such as strong power fading, blockage of the desired line-of-sight signal or large echoes. Secondly, the DVB-SH standard uses an OFDM modulation, which has not been studied for positioning purpose. Therefore, techniques for fine tracking of the first received signal replica will have to be developed. Finally, a particularity of modern broadcast system is the use of a Single Frequency Network, in which all emitters send the same signal on the same carrier frequency. Therefore emitter identification in a Single Frequency will be another issue to be solved. This PhD study has proved the feasibility of positioning using DVB-SH signals. The main contributions of this work are the propositions of (1) an OFDM signal delay tracking method working in urban propagation channels, and (2) a modification to the network deployment permitting emitter identification and (3) a first assessment of the position accuracy using the proposed algorithms. These two methods have very low impact on the initial TV broadcasting service if the right set of signal parameters is chosen: no signal modification is required and the network deployment modification uses a feature already present in the DVB-SH standard. The positioning method was simulated using real urban propagation channel measurements. The obtained position has root mean square error of 40m. The main error contribution comes from tracking a non-line-of-sight signal. Further work would be required to deal with this issue, which would lower the position root mean square error to 7m, which has been locally observed in the simulation for good tracking conditions.