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Thèse de Doctorat

Safe Navigation for Vehicles

Auteur : Spangeberg Mariana

Defended in June 2009

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Satellite navigation has acquired an increased importance during these last years, on the one hand due to the imminent appearance of the European GALILEO system that will complement the American GPS, and on the other hand due to the great success it has encountered in the commercial civil market. An important part of this success is based on the technological development at the receiver level that has rendered satellite navigation possible even in difficult environments. Today’s objective is to prepare the utilisation of this kind of signals for land vehicle applications demanding high precision positioning. One of the main challenges within this research domain, which cannot be addressed by classical coupling techniques, is related to the system capability to provide reliable position estimations. The enhancement in dead-reckoning technologies (i.e. size reduction of MEMS-based sensors or gyroscopes) cannot all by itself reach the necessary confidence levels if exploited with classical localization and integration algorithms. Indeed, these techniques provide a position estimation whose reliability or confidence level it is very difficult to quantify. The feasibility of these applications relies not only on an extensive research to enhance the navigation algorithm performances in harsh scenarios, but also and in parallel, on the possibility to maintain, thanks to the presence of additional sensors, a high confidence level on the position estimation even in the absence of satellite navigation signals.

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Traitement du signal et des images / Localisation et navigation

Application des techniques multiporteuses OFDM pour futurs systèmes de télécommunications par satellite

Auteur : Ho Anh Tai

Defended in March 2009

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This thesis studies the applicability of OFDM techniques for future satellite telecommunications systems. In particular, he treats the synchronization problem at the receiver for satellite broadcasting systems in Ka band. The system uses QAM modulation with M phase stages and works in continuous mode, at small signal to noise ratio (typically at Eb/N0 = 0dB). The main objective of this thesis is to propose a receiver synchronization structure using as least resources as possible in order to optimize spectral efficiency. Two studies are carried out. The first study consists of proposing and validating a synchronization structure in the aim of optimizing spectral efficiency. The second study evaluates the performance of this structure then, compares it with existing standards such as DVB-S and DVB-S2 in terms of spectral efficiency. For first study, synchronization errors have been identified and their impact on system performance evaluated. These results prove that excepting clock frequency error, other synchronization errors have to be estimed and corrected. The transmission in continuous mode for fixed satellite broadcasting system allows the use of NDA (Non-Data-Aided) loop structure in order to avoid the use of pilots, then improve spectral efficiency. However, these algorithms need a coarse synchronization stage in order to limit interference terms. So, the synchronization includes a coarse stage in order to limit interference terms and a finer stage in order to improve system performance. For coarse synchronization stage, simulation results prove that algorithms using guard interval give better performance than whom using pilots. The second study evaluates performance of the proposed structure. In coarse synchronization stage, this evaluation allows to specify guard interval length then, calculate and compare system performance in terms of spectral efficiency with its in DVB-S and DVB-S2 standards. Then, performance evaluation of fine synchronization stage allows to calculate degradations of the proposed structure in the absence and in presence of phase noise models, one of important parameters in a telecommunications system. This stage allows not only to define operating points of the proposed structure in presence of phase noise models in existing standards but also to define phase noise mask of Wiener model supported by this structure. Finally, a study on the hanging time of the proposed structure allows to evaluate the time neccesary to this structure, based on blind algorithms, to be converged. Another study also evaluates the complexity of this structure. This study shows that the synchronization structure proposed in this thesis uses little resources both in terms of spectral efficiency and number of calculations.

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Communications numériques / Systèmes spatiaux de communication

Article de conférence

Modelling New Indoor Propagation Models for WLAN Based on Empirical Results

Auteurs : Sadiki Tayeb et Paimblanc Philippe

In 11th IEEE International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation (UKSIM'09), pp. 585-588, Cambridge, United Kingdom, March 25-27 2009.

This paper presents the modelling of new WLAN models for different indoor environments. This work was carried out in the frame of the FIL project which is funded by the French research agency ANR, in collaboration with Thales Alenia Space France. Based on the standard Opnet models for WLAN nodes, the propagation loss estimation for these types of environment has been improved. We derive an empirical model for spatial registration patterns of mobile users as they move within a TeSA Labs wireless local area network (WLAN) environment and register signal power from different access points. Such a model can be very useful in a variety of simulation studies of the performance of mobile wireless systems, to address issues such as resource management and mobility management protocols. We base the model on extensive experimental data from a TeSA Labs 2.4 GHz WiFi LAN installation. We divide the empirical data available to us into training and test data sets, develop the model based on the training set, and evaluate it against the test set. The new scenarios used to simulate these new propagation models are shown. Finally, results, conclusions and further work are given.

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Traitement du signal et des images et Communications numériques / Localisation et navigation

Article de journal

Hyperspectral Image Compression : Adapting SPIHT and EZW to Anisotropic 3D Wavelet Coding

Auteurs : Christophe Emmanuel, Mailhes Corinne et Duhamel Pierre

IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 17, n° 12, pp.2334 – 2346, December, 2008.

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Hyperspectral images present some specific characteristics that should be used by an efficient compression system. In compression, wavelets have shown a good adaptability to a wide range of data, while being of reasonable complexity. Some wavelet-based compression algorithms have been successfully used for some hyperspectral space missions. This paper focuses on the optimization of a full wavelet compression system for hyperspectral images. Each step of the compression algorithm is studied and optimized. First, an algorithm to find the optimal 3-D wavelet decomposition in a rate-distortion sense is defined. Then, it is shown that a specific fixed decomposition has almost the same performance, while being more useful in terms of complexity issues. It is shown that this decomposition significantly improves the classical isotropic decomposition. One of the most useful properties of this fixed decomposition is that it allows the use of zero tree algorithms. Various tree structures, creating a relationship between coefficients, are compared. Two efficient compression methods based on zerotree coding (EZW and SPIHT) are adapted on this near-optimal decomposition with the best tree structure found. Performances are compared with the adaptation of JPEG 2000 for hyperspectral images on six different areas presenting different statistical properties.

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Traitement du signal et des images / Observation de la Terre

Thèse de Doctorat

Compression d'images satellite par post-transformées dans le domaine ondelettes

Auteur : Delaunay Xavier

Defended in November 2008

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The French Space Agency, CNES, is interested in the transforms derived from the wavelets in order to increase the image compression efficiency on-board of Earth observation satellites. In this thesis, the post-transforms are studied. They are employed after the wavelet transform. Each block of wavelet coefficients is further transformed in a basis selected among a dictionary by minimization of a rate-distortion criterion. First, we emphasize dependencies between wavelet coefficients limiting the compression efficiency. Then, we study the bandelet transform by blocks, from which the post-transforms derive, and we optimize its parameter for the compression of satellite images. Particularly, we adapt Shoham and Gersho optimization method to the problem of the selection of the best bandelet basis. We deduce from these results an expression of the optimal Lagrangian multiplier used in the rate-distortion criterion. Next, we analyze dependencies between wavelet coefficient which are not exploited by the bandelet transform and we define new post-transform bases. Bases build by PCA minimize the correlations between post-transformed coefficients and compact the energy of each block on a small number of coefficients. This feature is exploited during the entropy coding process. Last, we modify the bases selection criterion to adapt the post-transform to progressive compression schemes. We then employ the Hadamard post-transform with the CCSDS image encoder to obtain a low computational complexity yet efficient compression scheme.

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Traitement du signal et des images / Observation de la Terre

Convergence dans les réseaux satellite

Auteur : Dubois Emmanuel

Defended in November 2008

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Satellite networks have been built by the DVB group and dedicated to digital television service. However, in the current service convergence trend, a future satellite network architecture has to be built in a less dedicated way to fit heterogeneous services. This work begins with a description of DVB satellite networks. Then, network convergence solutions are studied for the satellite context. IP and MPLS have then been chosen to build a satellite convergent architecture. Several scenarios are examined so as to evaluate this architecture. A first one deals with the historical television service in a unidirectional, transparent satellite context. We show the feasibility of such a scenario with similar performances and better protocol organisation which simplifies satellite evolution. The next scenarios concern an interactive television service with a return link and a voice over IP service. The ability of deploying new services in a simple manner is thus highlighted. The last scenario applies our convergent approach to the ULISS industrial project of a regenerative hybrid satellite. It shows the flexibility of our architecture and expand ULISS service capabilities.

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Réseaux / Systèmes spatiaux de communication

Article de conférence

Telemedicine Applications in OURSES Project

Auteurs : Mailhes Corinne et Prietro-Guerrero Alfonso

In Proc. Int. Workshop on Satellite and Space Communications (IWSSC), Toulouse, France, October 1-3, 2008.

OURSES project, French acronym for Offer of Services Rural Use using Satellite, proposes three telemedicine applications linked to services for elderly people. It focuses particularly on the use of satellites as a complement to terrestrial technologies to ensure the deployment of tele-services in areas where telecommunication infrastructure is lacking. This paper describes the three telemedicine applications which can be viewed as tele-monitoring systems for elderly people.

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Traitement du signal et des images / Systèmes spatiaux de communication

Wireless Technologies Pre-Screening : Evaluation for Avionics

Auteurs : El Ghazi Hassan, Bonacci David, Gruyer Pierre, Chauvet Wilfried et Castanié Francis

In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transport System Telecommunications (ITST), Phuket, Thailand, October 20-24, 2008.

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This paper presents the recent results of SCA project (Communication Systems for Avionics), on the evaluation of the means of communication able to ensure airlines companies needs on airport platforms. Exchange of AOC/AAC (Aeronautical Operational Control/ Aeronautical Administrative Communication) messages between aircrafts and their airline companies is required on the ground. The concept of technology readiness level is presented to lead to the best choice of wireless technology. Evaluation of each technology is described for various scenarios of aircraft location within the airport.

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Communications numériques / Systèmes de communication aéronautiques

Thèse de Doctorat

Classification de modulations linéaires et non-linéaires à l’aide de méthodes Bayésiennes

Auteur : Puengnim Anchalee

Defended in September 2008

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This thesis studies classifcation of digital linear and nonlinear modulations using Bayesian methods. Modulation recognition consists of identifying, at the receiver, the type of modulation signals used by the transmitter. It is important in many communication scenarios, for example, to secure transmissions by detecting unauthorized users, or to determine which transmitter interferes the others. The received signal is generally affected by a number of impairments. We propose several classifcation methods that can mitigate the effects related to imperfections in transmission channels. More specifcally, we study three techniques to estimate the posterior probabilities of the received signals conditionally to each modulation. The first technique estimates the unknown parameters associated with various imperfections using a Bayesian approach coupled with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. A second technique uses the Baum Welch (BW) algorithm to estimate recursively the posterior probabilities and determine the most likely modulation type from a catalogue. The last method studied in this thesis corrects synchronization errors (phase and frequency offsets) with a phase-locked loop (PLL). The classifcation algorithms considered in this thesis can recognize a number of linear modulations such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and nonlinear modulations such as Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK).

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Article de conférence

Cramér Rao Bounds for Radar Altimeter Waveforms

Auteurs : Mailhes Corinne, Tourneret Jean-Yves, Severini Jérôme et Thibaut Pierre

In Proc. European Signal and Image Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Lausanne, Switzerland, August 25-29, 2008.

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The pseudo maximum likelihood estimator allows one to estimate the unknown parameters of Brown’s model for altimeter wave- forms. However, the optimality of this estimator, for instance in terms of minimizing the mean square errors of the unknown para- meters is not guarantied. Thus it is not clear whether there is some space for developing new estimators for the unknown parameters of altimetric signals. This paper derives the Crame ́r-Rao lower bounds of the parameters associated to Brown’s model. These bounds provide the minimum variances of any unbiased estima- tor of these parameters, i.e. a reference in terms of estimation er- ror. A comparison between the mean square errors of the standard estimators and Crame ́r-Rao bounds allows one to evaluate the po- tential gain (in terms of estimation variance) that could be achieved with new estimation strategies.

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Traitement du signal et des images / Observation de la Terre

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